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	<title>Adnan Mahmutović &#8211; IslamEDU</title>
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	<title>Adnan Mahmutović &#8211; IslamEDU</title>
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		<title>If Suras Were Pulsating Galaxies: A Macro Reading of The Qur’an</title>
		<link>https://islamedu.ba/if-suras-were-pulsating-galaxies-a-macro-reading-of-the-quran/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Adnan Mahmutović]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Dec 2022 19:06:09 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[N I have no doubts most people would react to a text starting with a single letter (harf). Without any preface, it would be seen as an error, as something that was overlooked by the entire chain of author-editor-copyeditor. Or maybe it would be explained as a printing error. Yet, this is a rather typical [&#8230;]]]></description>
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<p>N</p>



<p>I have no doubts most people would react to a text starting with a single letter (<em>harf</em>). Without any preface, it would be seen as an error, as something that was overlooked by the entire chain of author-editor-copyeditor. Or maybe it would be explained as a printing error. Yet, this is a rather typical way several of the Qur’anic surahs start, with one or several single letters which form no word whatsoever. They are called “huruf muqatta’at” (“disjoined letters” حُرُوف مُقَطَّعَات) and appear in combination from one to five at the beginning of twenty-nine surahs. <span class="footnote_referrer"><span role="button" tabindex="0" onclick="footnote_moveToReference_2220_2('footnote_plugin_reference_2220_2_1');" onkeypress="footnote_moveToReference_2220_2('footnote_plugin_reference_2220_2_1');" ><sup id="footnote_plugin_tooltip_2220_2_1" class="footnote_plugin_tooltip_text">[1]</sup></span><span id="footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2220_2_1" class="footnote_tooltip"></span></span></p>



<p>Like loose drifting atoms that form no molecules, they not only assert themselves as integral parts of entire surahs but open them. No one really knows why <em>The Qur’an</em> contains these mysterious openings, and the most creative guesses such as Fakhr al-Din Al-Razi’s beautiful notion that they are like the icing on the cake, still feel like nothing but guesses. This does not mean they are random, that they do not belong to the entire structure, just there are elements of the exciting galaxies that astronomers cannot always fit into their macro view of the universe. These letters call the listener to attention, hooking the audience by pointing to the simple beginnings of life as well as the projected simplicity and singularity of death. They make us wonder about their place in the macrostructure of the book, the structure that most of us do not quite understand. The smallest and the biggest features of <em>The Qur’an</em> seem to remain out of reach.</p>



<p>I started small and went big, from micro to macro, using the opening letter the surah “Al-Qalam” (The Pen) which begins with the letter ن. I will later close-read this surah to try and explain a possible way of approaching a macro reading of <em>The Qur’an</em>. To do this, I will use recent images of galaxies made by the WEBB telescope, which created much wonder. Many people of faith found comfort in them. Muslims often shared them together with the third ayah from surah “Al-Mulk” (Power): “[And] who created seven heavens in layers. You do not see in the creation of the Most Merciful any inconsistency. So return [your] vision [to the sky]; do you see any breaks?” (ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَ سَبْعَ سَمَـٰوَٰتٍۢ طِبَاقًۭا مَّا تَرَىٰ فِى خَلْقِ ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنِ مِن تَفَـٰوُتٍۢ فَٱرْجِعِ ٱلْبَصَرَ هَلْ تَرَىٰ مِن فُطُورٍۢ)</p>



<p>&nbsp;(<em>Sahih International</em>, quran.com). This ayah is but one among frequent cosmological metaphors which pull our attention to both the details and the macro structures of the universe and thus entice people to think of God as the Creator. Flawlessness is always emphasized both with regard to the Creation and <em>The Qur’an </em>itself as the divine revelation. In other words, the audience of <em>The Qur’an </em>is encouraged to look for flaws, and look again, with a guarantee that no flaws would be found and that the one experiencing it would grow tired of this futile endeavour. Instead, one is encouraged to contemplate the macro and the micro levels. Let’s zoom in and zoom out on <em>The Qur’an</em> like the WEBB telescope does with the universe. But first I need to give us some (back)ground.</p>



<p><strong>Approach and Background</strong></p>



<p>This article is not about theology but about reading methods. My approach is not that of a scholar of <em>tafsir</em> (exegeses), though I will touch upon some content, but of a reader-writer-teacher. As such, even though my subject is the holy Islamic scripture, I want to say something general about reading. I believe that every book teaches us how to read it, even the worst books. Some do it by following well-known cultural conventions, and we tune in automatically. More creative works demand an effort to recognise their organising principles. This is why I, as a creative-writing teacher, tend to ask my students to consider what a particular story “wants to be” and not simply critique it on the basis of one’s preferences. One cannot critique the Arabic love poem ghazal for not being a Petrarchan sonnet. To improve a story by means of constructive criticism, one needs to consider its implied principles. This requires a form of openness that most of us are often unwilling to accept.</p>



<p>The wonder of <em>The Qur’an </em>tends to be highlighted, among other things, through the way it pays attention to the micro and macro levels of life, the way it moves between the particular and the whole, and the way it shifts scales and categories of discourse in just a few words. <em>The Qur’an</em> is equally appealing to an overthinker like me who wants to grasp the whole and those who are satisfied by a few concrete fragments.</p>



<p>We must ask: is <em>The Qur’an </em>a book? What does it mean to read it as a book? It surely refers to itself as a “book” (كتاب) but then the same word designates a wide variety of phenomena, many of which do not necessarily fit the typical association of a bound volume, a codex (<em>mushaf</em> in Arabic). If we simply say the “book” means the complete text, we are still going to have fixed ideas of what fits and what deviates from that model.</p>



<p>It would not be far-fetched to claim that our traditional approach to <em>The Qur’an </em>is in the vein of fragmentation, or the micro level of analysis. We hardly ever read it cover to cover except in terms of so-called <em>hatam</em> recitations, but that is not what I am after here. What I mean is that the meaning of <em>The Qur’an</em>, as well as most Islamic knowledge, is conveyed through fragments: ayahs or even fractions of ayahs. These fragments are like single trees which we then, with time, turn into the woods that we call our faith. This approach is not wrong per se. It has its pros and cons as any approach, and before I propose a model of the macro perspective, I want to reflect on the fragmentary reading.</p>



<p>Traditionally viewed, any segment of <em>The Qur’an </em>is still <em>The Qur’an</em>. The part contains the whole the way the whole contains the part in the metaphysical sense (Al-Razi, 21/68-69) This is because every surah and every ayah have the same, strong directionality: <em>ihlas</em> (divine singularity), <em>taqwah</em> (God consciousness), <em>tawbah</em> (repentance, turning). The first generation needed over twenty years to get the entire revelation. This does not mean that if they died before and never experienced the entire “book” they were missing a fragment of their faith. Also, fragmentation serves a very important pedagogical function of <em>The Qur’an</em>, that of dosage, that is the consideration of how much and what kinds of knowledge the general audience can take in and under how long a time something needs to be repeated for it to be digested (a practical <em>fikh</em> example would be the rules concerning alcohol). Fragmentation is, in other words, related to human evolution within the faith itself.</p>



<p>Fragmentation can be negative in the way we speak of reading out of context, both the context of the entire book and the historical context. This would be a greater problem if there was not a strong tradition of practice. Imam Malik is famous for trusting the way people embodied faith more than single transmissions of fragments of something the Prophet s.a.w.s may or may not have said (Dutton, 69). But tradition can also cause sedimentation and rigidity. A dynamic approach is always best, like the pulsation of the beating heart of faith. That is why the oral and written traditions work with such beautiful symmetry. The moment we give supremacy to either, as we often see in Western scholarly approaches, we start getting lost in the woods, seeing only just a lot of trees.<span class="footnote_referrer"><span role="button" tabindex="0" onclick="footnote_moveToReference_2220_2('footnote_plugin_reference_2220_2_2');" onkeypress="footnote_moveToReference_2220_2('footnote_plugin_reference_2220_2_2');" ><sup id="footnote_plugin_tooltip_2220_2_2" class="footnote_plugin_tooltip_text">[2]</sup></span><span id="footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2220_2_2" class="footnote_tooltip"></span></span></p>



<p>So, fragments can be individual letters, words, ayahs, and surahs. To visualise it, we can use the metaphors of molecules, cells, organs, and the body. We can go quantum: quarks, subatomic particles, atoms, and matter. We can go Big Bang: planets and stars, solar systems, and galaxies.</p>



<p>A book typically has letters, words, sentences, and chapters. But a book is not the sum of those parts. “Book” implies a structure, a form of narrative, and a narrative consists of things like plot, characters, settings, temporality, imagery, rhythm, aesthetic features, etc. These fragments which constitute a narrative are not necessarily of the same category.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Narratives are like universes because they attempt to comprise all kinds of things on different planes of existence into a coherent, functioning whole. To see how a narrative works, we must decide how, with what instruments, and from what angle we are approaching it. This choice, just like the directing of the WEBB telescope at distant galaxies, determines what we will see and how we will see it. <strong><em>A single approach is</em> <em>never the only right approach</em>.</strong></p>



<p><em>The Qur’an </em>is undoubtedly one of the most beautiful works in the history of humankind. We recognise its stunning character in so many ways, even if we only consume it in fragments. History records show that from the very first moment people heard recitations of <em>The Qur’an </em>they had visceral reactions to its content, its aesthetics, and its innate sense of freedom (Al-Razi, 2/7). Even the fiercest opponents of its message could not deny this. Its fragments always somehow suggest the whole and the whole always draws attention to the fluid play of fragmentation.</p>



<p>It would hardly be an exaggeration to argue that today the globally dominant way of understanding the concepts of “book” and “narrative” is quite rigid and its main features are in many ways Biblical. Take for instance the key element of temporality: even in non-linear narratives, we practically always have, or try to find, a sense of beginning-middle-end. Suppose a narrative plays with temporality to create confusion with respect to what scene/event occurs prior/simultaneously/post any other event. In that case, we recognise this as something odd and try to order things on a linear timeline. This is the temporal vector of our way of understanding and writing history, and it is our way of understanding ourselves. Similarly, in science, the universe began with the Big Bang and will end with the Big Crunch. In most religions, the world had the moment of creation and will end with its destruction. So, when we see the WEBB images of distant galaxies, we are watching objects 13.5 billion years old. I recently joked with my wife telling her that all I know is she was pretty a millisecond ago. She answered that sound travels slower than light; therefore, my words were old news to her, so she was unsure if I still thought she was pretty.</p>



<p>Temporality is one of the most important features of any narrative. It has to do with logic, causality, and sequencing. We generally assume a narrow idea that one sequence is causally connected to the next. Otherwise, it becomes very hard to read and understand. We usually wonder, when we meet something unconventional, what the point may be. To ask what in the world is the point with the “huruf muqatta’at” seems like looking at a few unrelated atoms and wondering why they even exist if they are not parts of some system.<span class="footnote_referrer"><span role="button" tabindex="0" onclick="footnote_moveToReference_2220_2('footnote_plugin_reference_2220_2_3');" onkeypress="footnote_moveToReference_2220_2('footnote_plugin_reference_2220_2_3');" ><sup id="footnote_plugin_tooltip_2220_2_3" class="footnote_plugin_tooltip_text">[3]</sup></span><span id="footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2220_2_3" class="footnote_tooltip"></span></span></p>



<p>Reading <em>The Qur’an </em>as a whole seems to have always presented a difficulty to Western readers because they expect it to be a “book” in a conventional sense. Surahs are supposed to be chapters and ayahs verses. They expect the book to be a narrative that starts in the beginning and ends at the end, or at least that it is possible to order things chronologically. But <em>The Qur’an </em>does not allow for these conventions. It is literally full of all kinds of discourses, from stories (told in fragments over multiple surahs) to religious prescriptions, theological statements, cosmology, and much more (Hamza Andreas Tzortzis provides a nice summary of the great variation in Qur’anic poetics). And yet, despite this supposed messiness, we see that its surahs, which are not chapters, are compact unities, like fortresses of different sizes. We sense there is a well-conceived structure or an organising principle that holds the surahs together.</p>



<p>Recognising this principle adds to our experience of it. This is something we always want as readers, to have this outside point of view, to be able to see something from a vantage point. This 3rd-person point of view, which some call the God perspective, is a desire to see more than our limited position in the world allows us. It is like the desire to see the universe from the outside rather than the inside where we are ultimately stuck.</p>



<p><strong>Going Macro</strong></p>



<p>When it comes to <em>The Qur’an </em>very little is taught about its macro level. Despite our often-instinctive sense of its inherent cohesion, we cannot escape the fact that we hardly ever know how to read it as a whole. It is as if <em>The Qur’an </em>is the universe that we can see from the outside and yet we do not grasp its organizing principles in their entirety. Still, this does not bother us. It does bother some who expect it to be conventional, to be heliocentric, so to speak. If you expect the heliocentric universe but get a quantum universe, well, you are in for a ride. In other words, if you want to read it surah by surah like you think you should read a book chapter by chapter, you will be disappointed. Even if you read it as an anthology, you will find it challenging because you will expect each part to be of similar length, and to be governed by a conventional temporal sequence, a conventional logic of causality. I am not saying that there is no causality, the reason why one ayah follows another, or why one surah is very long and another consists of just a few words. After all, each section is called a “surah” because it is compact. The word itself has the meaning of walling in (Wehr, 441). “Surah” is a fortress with a structure, outer walls, a core, and all the amazing life that flourishes within.</p>



<p>Let us imagine that<em> The Qur’an </em>is like our visible universe, that is, what we can “see” and “understand” right now. We are unsure where borders exactly are and how they work. In the same way <em>The Qur’an</em>, as an essentially oral work, is not really bordered by the covers of the printed <em>mushaf</em>. Its borders and its structure are firm, as God promises, but are not simply defined as rigid walls. This may not be easy to accept or understand, because we tend to find the notion of fluidity and movement to signify instability, and yet <em>The Qur’an </em>itself states over and over that everything is in motion, even the mountains which seem sedentary. In other words, <em>The Qur’an </em>does not connect stability, firmament, and structure to mechanical rigidity but to fluidity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>If we say that the core and the central subject of every single atom of <em>The Qur’an </em>is <em>tawhid</em>, the oneness of God, we can see how everything else pulsates from that core and creates ripples in every possible direction. This core is not something in the middle that radiates outward, rather this core is everywhere at the same time, from those single letters over ayahs to surahs and the way the surahs stand in relation to each other. The <em>tawhid</em> is the very tissue that holds everything together and this is why no amount of assumed disorder affects the reading experience.</p>



<p>If we see <em>The Qur’an </em>as the expanding universe, then let us for a moment see the surahs as galaxies. Some are big and some tiny in comparison. Each galaxy has its shape and structure, and each holds life in its own way. This does not make us say that there is something odd or random with the galaxies the way someone may say something is odd or random with <em>The Qur’an</em>.</p>



<p>We can also see some galaxies cluster in certain ways, and even crash into each other. The overall structure of the universe and how and why certain galaxies move and develop is not something easy to grasp, but we understand, by looking 13.5 billion years into the past, how they started to form and possibly, by comparing them to those closest to us in time, where they might be going.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
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<p>The point of the various metaphors I am using is no other than to show that you can approach this, and any other “book,” in any way which will help you relax and be able to move between the micro and the macro perspectives as one should when examining things. That is why I like those videos where they try to show the scope of the universe by zooming out and then zooming in to the smallest particles. We know those are models. Models are metaphors but they are helpful metaphors.</p>



<p>Shorter surahs, those small fascinating galaxies, which despite their sizes can hold so much, are typically easier to examine. If one finds the largest surahs daunting, one can take a few that are a few pages long. Take for instance “Al-Qalam” (The Pen). It is just above two pages long so you can literally view it entirely. It opens with the letter ن (nun).</p>



<p>“Al-Qalam” contains most of the typical topics: statement of faith, God’s oneness, the relationship human beings need to have with God, the institution of the prophethood, moral Q&amp;A, heaven and hell, justice and injustice, distribution of wealth, and a very short story (a micro-story) which itself contains and illustrates all the subject I just listed. This micro story is placed in the middle and is a narrative about a few haughty rich people who refuse to share their wealth (orchards) with poor people. Structurally, one could say the story is like a core in the middle and the rest are layers that surround it. These layers, in this case, are quite symmetrical, like in the metaphor of the onion. This means that the first few and the last few ayahs are of the same kind (thematically, rhetorically, etc.). The surah starts with an address to the Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.s. (not mentioned by name) and his mission. Quite literally it tells him not to worry because whatever trouble he is experiencing he will be fine and that he will be exalted. The surah ends with a reference to the Prophet Jonah s.a.w.s. Who apparently had the same problem. So, the text draws parallels between the two prophets, pointing out similarities and differences, but with the same message: persevere and you will be exalted, you will receive support and forgiveness.</p>



<p>From both ends, the surah uses the same types of ayahs (in terms of the content but also rhetoric and aesthetics). Symmetry is generally always mesmerising, and for someone like William Blake in the famous poem “Tyger” it can also be used to instil fear. The slight deviation from it in “Al-Qalam” is there in the form of that first unexplainable single letter and the first ayah which simply evokes writing as such: “Nūn. By the pen and what they inscribe” (نٓ&nbsp; وَٱلْقَلَمِ وَمَا يَسْطُرُونَ). Poetically speaking, a slight deviation from a clear structure brings additional energy into the text. It is like that loose outer edge of a spiral galaxy.</p>



<p>Zooming in on the story: the unjust men (and it is practically always men who are unjust) are, interestingly enough, similar to the two prophets. What I mean is that, if we set aside the very function and position of prophethood, all men mentioned in the surah are always only human beings who are either making mistakes or about to make them. This is actually stressed in the short remark to Jonah whose transgression led him to a very dangerous situation but whose <em>taqwa </em>(turning back to God) exalted him. So throughout, as always, and this time without explicit mention, we see a consistency in the principle of faith+deeds. The transgression of the rich men is that they think they are the ultimate agents in this world. They ascribe their wealth to themselves and not as something given by God, and therefore their orchards are destroyed. Some of them will turn back and some will not. Jonah may have believed in God, but in the act of running away he had but <em>little faith/trust</em> in God.</p>



<p>What I want to show here, aside from the content, is that even though we might at first only see one micro-narrative at the centre of the surah, there are in fact two even smaller stories/scenes. one in the beginning (Muhammad) and one in the end (Jonah). We have, in other words, at least three micro-stories in conversation with each other but some may be so tiny we may miss their narrative structure. We even miss to realise they are stories. Just as some surahs can be so big it becomes a challenge to see their narrative structures, the shortest surahs like “Al-Kawthar,” “Al-Ikhlas,” “Al-Falaq,” and “Al-Nas,” aside from their specific focus, each contains implied narratives, some of which we only understand from the historical context, but once we do, we can see the how certain microelements are the basic narrative blocs.</p>



<p>“Al-Ikhlas,” which appears to be quite abstract in its theological address, contains the implied interfaith dialogue about the nature of God and Jesus. One could ask, why is this a separate surah when the same notions are scattered throughout many other surahs? Well, we can all make more or less educated guesses, and historically exegetes (mufassirun) have formed their theories, but I want to draw a parallel to the metaphor of the universe. Why are there billions of solar systems within billions of galaxies? Why is there an endless variation of the same? For me, the answer to the WHY is not so interesting, especially if one has the audacity to offer some ultimate theory. Rather, it is the beauty of the HOW that is, for me as a writer, quite enough. We almost always speak about different readings of surahs looking for the WHY and rarely about how beautiful that universe is.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img decoding="async" src="https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3.png" alt="" class="wp-image-2206" width="399" height="486" srcset="https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3.png 800w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3-246x300.png 246w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3-768x935.png 768w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3-197x240.png 197w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3-647x788.png 647w" sizes="(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px" /></figure></div>


<p>Aside from considering individual surahs from the macro level, if we go back to the “book” level and try to understand the relation between surahs we can see how they speak to each other. In some cases, they seem to be crashing into one another or perhaps moving away, rushing in other directions leaving the one between them isolated. It is no wonder that some considered for instance the surahs “Al-Duha” and “Al-Inshirah” to be one. The Prophet s.a.w.s. used to recite them together and they feel, in my metaphor, not like two pieces welded to each other, but really like two bodies crashing into each other.</p>



<p>I quite like the idea of galaxies clustering and crashing into each other as an image to understand some surahs. This crashing could perhaps be seen in the way stories of individual historical figures like Moses and Joseph are broken up and scattered. This means that if this book teaches its readers how to read it, it is telling us that the stories which we recognise as conventional narratives, especially if we know them from the Bible, are not meant to be central. They are like any other matter, the stars or stardust, just part and parcel of a different kind of organism. The scattering of the stories, for instance, may lead us to understand we cannot only look at the way surahs are ordered in a linear sequence but also must consider them as clustering in several dimensions, maybe branching like roots of a tree, but with additional forms of connections and bypasses.</p>



<p>In addition, to mention a few more things, in “Al-Qalam,” we can see the rather typical pulsation or the play between contraction and release. Personally, I find the parts with negatively-charged things like hell and anger to be the ones that cause contractions and the references to love and mercy to be the releases, but someone might see it differently. In any case, the fact that the text has that kind of rhythm of the beating heart is still there throughout the entire “book” is quite stunning.</p>



<p>What is also incorporated in this surah, despite the short length, is the typical rhetorical dialogue with the haughty men. God never says, Shut up and share. There is, instead, like in the many examples of the cosmological argument for God’s creation, an invitation to contemplation. This strategy, together with more straightforward telling-things-as-they-are, is amazing to perceive throughout most galaxies, I mean surahs. I am in fact quite sure, if we looked even closer, zoomed in to the micro level of the smallest surahs, that we would find some of these features implied. Maybe we would find some micro-galaxies there. Zooming out would be to try and see how this type of rhetoric is used throughout <em>The Qur’an </em>and how it helps structure its fluid firmament; how the pulsation, the play of contraction and release, adds to this firmament; how the beautiful micro and macro narratives add to the firmament; how the consistent layer of <em>tawhid</em>, ultimately, exists in every single part of this book, no matter how big or small, yes, even in the single mysterious letters that open the surahs.</p>



<p>ن</p>



<p><strong>Bibliography</strong></p>



<p>Hamza Andreas Tzortzis. “The Qur’an’s Unique Literary Form.” https://www.hamzatzortzis.com/the-qurans-unique-literary-form/</p>



<p>Hans Wehr. <em>Arabic-English Dictionary</em>. BN Publishing, 2020.</p>



<p>Yasin Dutton, <em>Original Islam: Malik and the Madhhab of Madina</em>. Routledge, 2006.</p>



<p>Al-Razi, <em>Mafatih al-Gayb</em>. Dar al-Fikr 1981.</p>
<div class="speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container"> <div class="footnote_container_prepare"><p><span role="button" tabindex="0" class="footnote_reference_container_label pointer" onclick="footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2220_2();">&#x202F;</span><span role="button" tabindex="0" class="footnote_reference_container_collapse_button" style="display: none;" onclick="footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2220_2();">[<a id="footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2220_2">+</a>]</span></p></div> <div id="footnote_references_container_2220_2" style=""><table class="footnotes_table footnote-reference-container"><caption class="accessibility">References</caption> <tbody> 

<tr class="footnotes_plugin_reference_row"> <th scope="row" class="footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer"  onclick="footnote_moveToAnchor_2220_2('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2220_2_1');"><span id="footnote_plugin_reference_2220_2_1" class="footnote_backlink">1</span></th> <td class="footnote_plugin_text">Not all letters are represented, and some combinations are frequently repeated, so for instance <em>Alif Lam Mim</em> الم occurs six times, <em>Alif Lam Ra</em> الر five times, and <em>Ha Mim</em> حم six times. Other combinations are: <em>Alif Lam Mim Sad</em> المص, <em>Alif Lam Mim Ra</em> المر, <em>Kaf Ha Ya ʿAin Sad</em> كهيعص, <em>Ta Ha</em> طه, <em>Ta Sin Mim</em> طسم, <em>Ta Sin</em> طس, <em>Ya Sin</em> يس, <em>Ha Mim, ʿAin Sin Qaf</em> حم عسق, <em>sad</em> ص, <em>Qaf</em> ق and <em>Nun</em> ن.</td></tr>

<tr class="footnotes_plugin_reference_row"> <th scope="row" class="footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer"  onclick="footnote_moveToAnchor_2220_2('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2220_2_2');"><span id="footnote_plugin_reference_2220_2_2" class="footnote_backlink">2</span></th> <td class="footnote_plugin_text">An example of this dynamic interplay between the written and the oral traditions can be discerned in the early <em>Quranic</em> manuscripts when it comes to the mystical letters, the “huruf muqatta’at.” For example, the way some manuscripts are written, certain letters do not have distinguishing dots. While this may cause fewer problems in words within the context of the ayahs, when it comes to the mysterious letters, it would carry an entirely different problem. This means that the opening of the surah Ya Sin (يس) could be potentially read in ten different ways, and yet there is no recorded reading that any has recited it as for instance Ta Shin (تش) or Ba Shin (بش). At the same time, look at our individual letter Nun (ن) in surah 68:1. The “N” is frequently dotted in early <em>The Qur’an</em> manuscripts even though that letter is not easy to confuse with another, almost as if there was a pattern which gives the letter ن individual existence while at the same time keeping it as a part of the bigger <em>Quranic</em> cosmology.</td></tr>

<tr class="footnotes_plugin_reference_row"> <th scope="row" class="footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer"  onclick="footnote_moveToAnchor_2220_2('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2220_2_3');"><span id="footnote_plugin_reference_2220_2_3" class="footnote_backlink">3</span></th> <td class="footnote_plugin_text">It is possible that the “huruf muqatta’at” were something conventional at the exact time when those manuscripts were written but for us today they are shrouded in secrecy.</td></tr>

 </tbody> </table> </div></div><script type="text/javascript"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_2220_2() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2220_2').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2220_2').text('−'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_2220_2() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2220_2').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2220_2').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2220_2() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2220_2').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_2220_2(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_2220_2(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_2220_2(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_2220_2(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_2220_2(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_2220_2(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }</script>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Kad bi sure bile pulsirajuće galaksije: Makro pogled na Kur’an</title>
		<link>https://islamedu.ba/kad-bi-sure-bile-pulsirajuce-galaksije-makro-pogled-na-kuran/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Adnan Mahmutović]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 02 Nov 2022 19:53:10 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Čitaj]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[adnan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bi]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bile]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[galaksije]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[kad]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[mahmutović]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[makro]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[pulsirajuće]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[svemir]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://islamedu.ba/?p=2200</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[N Ne sumnjam da bi većina ljudi reagovala na tekst koji počinje jednim slovom. Bez ikakvog objašnjenja to bi se smatralo greškom, kao nečim što je propušteno kroz čitav lanac od autora preko urednika do lektora. Ili bi to možda bilo objašnjeno kao štamparska greška. Ipak, ovo je tipičan način na koji počinje nekoliko kur’anskih [&#8230;]]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[
<p>N</p>



<p>Ne sumnjam da bi većina ljudi reagovala na tekst koji počinje jednim slovom. Bez ikakvog objašnjenja to bi se smatralo greškom, kao nečim što je propušteno kroz čitav lanac od autora preko urednika do lektora. Ili bi to možda bilo objašnjeno kao štamparska greška. Ipak, ovo je tipičan način na koji počinje nekoliko kur’anskih sura, sa jednim ili nekoliko pojedinačnih slova koja skupa ne čine niti jednu riječ. Zovu se “huruf muqatta’at” (حُرُوف مُقَطَّعَات “razdvojena slova”) i pojavljuju se na početku dvadeset devet sura u kombinaciji od jednog do pet harfova.<span class="footnote_referrer"><span role="button" tabindex="0" onclick="footnote_moveToReference_2200_4('footnote_plugin_reference_2200_4_1');" onkeypress="footnote_moveToReference_2200_4('footnote_plugin_reference_2200_4_1');" ><sup id="footnote_plugin_tooltip_2200_4_1" class="footnote_plugin_tooltip_text">[1]</sup></span><span id="footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2200_4_1" class="footnote_tooltip"></span></span></p>



<p>Poput pojedinačnih atoma koji slobodno plutaju ne formirajući molekule, oni potvrđuju da nisu samo sastavni dijelovi čitavih sura, već im pripada veliki zadatak da ih otvaraju. Niko zapravo ne zna zašto <em>Kur’an</em> sadrži ove misteriozne uvode, tako da su i najkreativnija tumačenja, čak i prelijepa misao Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razija da su oni nešto poput <em>creme de la creme</em>, ipak su samo nagađanja. To ne znači da su ovi harfovi nasumično ubačeni, da ne pripadaju cijeloj strukturi, baš kao što astronomi, kada zumiraju uzbudljive regije svemira, pronalaze dijelove koje ne mogu uklopiti u svoj makro pogled na univerzum. Ovi harfovi privlače pažnju slušaoca ukazujući na jednostavne početke života kao takvog, a i na jednostavnost i singularnost smrti. Tjeraju nas da se pitamo o njihovom mjestu u makro strukturi same knjige; toj strukturi koju većina nas ne razumije. Najmanje i najveće stvari <em>Kur’ana </em>uvijek ostaju van dometa.</p>



<p>Počeo sam s malim i prešao na veliko &#8211; od mikro do makro kosmosa, koristeći početno slovo kuranske sure “El-Kalem” (Pero) koje počinje harfom ن, a na kraju ovog teksta ću joj se vratiti da pokušam objasniti mogući način makro čitanja <em>Kur’ana</em>. Da bih to uradio, također ću koristiti slike galaksija koje je nedavno napravio WEBB teleskop, za koje sam primetio da izazivaju mnogo divljenja. Mnogi vjernici su u njima našli određenu utjehu. Muslimani su ih često dijelili zajedno sa trećim ajetom iz sure “El-Mulk” (Vlast): “Onaj koji je sedam nebesa jedna iznad drugih stvorio – ti u onome što Milostivi stvara ne vidiš nikakva nesklada, pa ponovo pogledaj vidiš li ikakav nedostatak” (ٱلَّذِى خَلَقَ سَبْعَ سَمَـٰوَٰتٍۢ طِبَاقًۭا مَّا تَرَىٰ فِى خَلْقِ ٱلرَّحْمَـٰنِ مِن تَفَـٰوُتٍۢ فَٱرْجِعِ ٱلْبَصَرَ هَلْ تَرَىٰ مِن فُطُورٍۢ) (prijevod; Besim Korkut). Ovaj ajet je samo jedan od najčešće korištenih kosmoloških metafora koje služe da navedu ljude da misle o mikro i makro strukturama kosmosa i Bogu kao Stvoritelju. Besprijekornost stvaranja uvijek je naglašena kao nešto što pripada svemu storenom, a i samom <em>Kur’anu</em> kao božanskoj objavi. Publici <em>Kur’ana</em> upućen je izazov da traže nedostatke, pa ako ne uspiju da probaju ponovo, uz garanciju da neće pronaći bilo kakve mane i da će se onaj koji traži greške umoriti od ovog uzaludnog poduhvata. Umjesto toga, ohrabruje ih se da razmišljaju o makro i mikro nivoima. Probajmo prići <em>Kur’anu </em>kao što to WEBB teleskop radi sa svemirom.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="936" height="956" src="https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-2203" srcset="https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1.png 936w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1-294x300.png 294w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1-768x784.png 768w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1-235x240.png 235w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1-772x788.png 772w" sizes="(max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px" /></figure>



<p><strong>Pristup i pozadina analize</strong></p>



<p>Ovaj tekst nije o teologiji, već o metodama čitanja. Moj pristup nije pristup mufesira, iako ću se dotaknuti tefsirskog sadržaja, već pristup jednog čitaoca-pisca-učitelja i, kao takav, iako je predmet analize ovdje sveta islamska knjiga, cilj je reći nešto općenito o čitanju. Mišljenja sam da nas svaka knjiga uči kako da je čitamo, čak i najgore knjige. Neke to rade kroz lahko prepoznatljive konvencije koje automatski pratimo, dok kreativniji tekstovi zahtijevaju trud čitaoca da prepozna neke osnovne organizacione principe. Zato ja, kao profesor kreativnog pisanja, često od svojih studenata tražim da razmotre šta neka priča “želi da bude,” a ne samo da se kritikuju na osnovu toga koje konvencije čitanja i pisanja oni sami preferiraju. Ne može se reći da je arapska ljubavna pjesma <em>gazal</em> loša jer nije petrarkanski sonet. Da bi se priču poboljšalo konstruktivnom kritikom, potrebno je pokušati shvatiti principe na kojim se zasniva. Za takvo čitanje potreban je oblik otvorenosti koji većina nas često ne želi prihvatiti.</p>



<p>Čudo <em>Kur’ana</em> ima tendenciju da bude istaknuto, između ostalog, kroz način na koji se on posvećuje mikro i makro nivoima života, dakle način na koji se kreće između pojedinačnog i cjeline, način na koji putuje između velikih i malih skala i diskursivnih kategorija u samo nekoliko riječi. <em>Kur’an</em> je podjednako privlačan i nama koji pretjerano razmišljamo (overthinkers) i želimo shvatiti cjelinu i onima koji se zadovoljavaju sa samo nekoliko konkretnih fragmenata.</p>



<p>Zbog toga prvo pitanje mora biti: <em>Da li je Kur’an knjiga?</em> Šta znači čitati ga kao knjigu? Zasigurno se naziva “knjigom” (كتاب), ali ta ista riječ označava širok spektar fenomena, od kojih se mnogi ne uklapaju u tipične asocijacije manuskripta ili kodeksa (na arapskom “mushaf”). Ako jednostavno kažemo da “knjiga“ znači kompletan tekst, i dalje ćemo imati niz fiksnih ideja šta odgovara tom modelu, a šta odstupa od njega.</p>



<p>Ne bi bilo pretjerano tvrditi da je naš tradicionalni pristup <em>Kur’anu</em> u vidu fragmentacije. Skoro nikada ga ne čitamo od korice do korice, osim kroz tipične hatme (uglavnom bez razumijevanja), ali to nije moja tema. Želim reći da se kur’ansko značenje, kao i većina islamskog znanja, prenosi kroz fragmente, ajete, pa čak i djeliće ajeta. Ovi fragmenti su poput pojedinačnih stabala koje vremenom skupimo u jednu šumu koju nazivamo svojom vjerom. Takav pristup nije pogrešan sam po sebi, on ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke, kao i svaki pristup, i prije nego što predložim model makro perspektive, želim razmisliti o fragmentarnom čitanju.</p>



<p>Prije svega, tradicionalno gledano, bilo koji segment <em>Kur’ana</em> je uvijek <em>Kur’an</em>. Dio sadrži cjelinu kao što cjelina sadrži dio u metafizičkom smislu (El-Razi, 21/68-69). To je zato što svaka sura i svaki ajet imaju istu, jaku, usmjerenost ili okretanje: <em>ihlas </em>(božanska jednoća), <em>takva</em> (svijest o Bogu), <em>tevba</em> (pokajanje, okretanje). Prvoj generaciji je bilo potrebno više od dvadeset godina da dobije cjelokupnu objavu. To ne znači da je onima koji su umrli prije skupljanja cijele “knjige,” nedostajao djelić vjere. Također, fragmentacija ima jednu važnu pedagošku funkciji doziranja znanja s obzirom na širinu shvatanja čitatelja/slušatelja (praktičan primjer iz fikha bi bila pravila koja se tiču alkohola). Fragmentacija je, drugim riječima, povezana s ljudskom evolucijom unutar same vjere.</p>



<p>Fragmentacija može biti negativna, ako se odnosi na problem čitanja van konteksta, kako konteksta cijele knjige tako i historijskog konteksta. Ovo bi bio veći problem da ne postoji snažna tradicija religijske prakse. Imam Malik je poznat po tome što je pridavao veći značaj prakticiranju, odnosno utjelovljenju vjere, nego pojedinačnim hadisima, dakle fragmenatima nečega što je Poslanik a.s. rekao, a možda i nije (Dutton, 69). Međutim, tradicija, također, može uzrokovati sedimentaciju i krutost. Zato je dinamičan pristup uvijek najbolji, pristup koji je poput pulsirajućeg srca vjere. Zbog toga se usmena i pisana tradicija uklapaju kroz jednu lijepu simetriju, a u trenutku kada dajemo prednost jednoj i drugoj, kao što često vidimo u zapadnim naučnim pristupima, počinjemo se gubiti u šumi, videći samo mnoštvo stabala.<span class="footnote_referrer"><span role="button" tabindex="0" onclick="footnote_moveToReference_2200_4('footnote_plugin_reference_2200_4_2');" onkeypress="footnote_moveToReference_2200_4('footnote_plugin_reference_2200_4_2');" ><sup id="footnote_plugin_tooltip_2200_4_2" class="footnote_plugin_tooltip_text">[2]</sup></span><span id="footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2200_4_2" class="footnote_tooltip"></span></span></p>



<p>Dakle, fragmenti mogu biti pojedinačni harfovi, riječi, ajeti i sure. Da bismo to drugačije vizualizirali možemo koristiti metafore molekula, ćelija, organa, i tijela. Možemo posegnuti za kvantnim: kvarkovi, subatomske čestice, atomi, i materija. Možemo posegnuti i za Velikim praskom: planete i zvijezde, solarni sistemi, galaksije, univerzum.</p>



<p>Knjiga se obično sastoji od slova, riječi, rečenica i poglavlja. Ali, knjiga nije zbir tih dijelova. “Knjiga” podrazumijeva strukturu, oblik naracije, a narativ se sastoji od stvari kao što su: radnja, likovi, temporalnost, slike, ritam, estetske karakteristike, itd. To jest, ovi fragmenti koji čine narativ nisu nužno iste kategorije. Narativi su poput kosmosa jer pokušavaju da obuhvate razne vrste stvari u neku koherentnu, funkcionalnu cjelinu. Da bismo vidjeli kako narativi funkcioniraju, moramo odlučiti kako, s kojim sredstvima i iz kojeg ugla tome pristupamo. Ovaj izbor gledišta i instrumenata koje koristimo, baš kao i usmjeravanje WEBB teleskopa na udaljene galaksije, određuje šta ćemo i kako ćemo to vidjeti. <strong><em>Jedan pristup nikada nije jedini ispravan pristup.</em></strong>&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Kur’an</em> je bez sumnje jedno od najljepših djela u historiji čovječanstva. Prepoznajemo njegov zapanjujući karakter na mnogo načina, čak i samo kroz fragmente. Historija bilježi da su ljudi od prvog trenutka kad su čuli učenje <em>Kur’ana</em> imali snažne reakcije na njegov sadržaj, njegovu estetiku, taj osjećaj slobode koji on sadrži (Al-Razi, 2/7). Čak ni najljući protivnici Muhamedove, a.s., poruke to nisu mogli poreći. Njegovi fragmenti uvijek nekako sugeriraju cjelinu i cjelina uvijek skreće pažnju na igru ​​fragmenata.</p>



<p>Ne bi bilo pretjerano tvrditi da je danas globalno dominantan način razumevanja pojmova “knjiga“ i “narativ“ prilično rigidan i da su njegove glavne karakteristike na mnogo načina biblijske. Uzmimo na primjer ključni element temporalnosti: čak i u nelinearnim narativima, mi praktično uvijek imamo, ili pokušavamo pronaći, osjećaj početka, sredine i kraja. Ako se narativ poigrava s temporalnošću kako bi stvorio zabunu s obzirom na to koja se scena/događaj odvija prije/simultano/poslije bilo kojeg drugog događaja, prepoznajemo to kao nešto čudno, možda uznemirujuće, i pokušavamo poredati stvari. Radi se o nekom vremenskom vektoru, odnosno smjeru, našeg načina razumijevanja i pisanja historije, i našeg načina razumijevanja samih sebe. U nauci, svemir je započeo sa “Big Bang” a završit će se sa “Big Crunch.” U većini religija svijet je imao trenutak stvaranja i završit će njegovim uništenjem. Dakle, kada vidimo WEBB slike udaljenih galaksija gledamo objekte stare 13,5 milijardi godina. Nedavno sam se našalio sa svojom suprugom rekavši joj da jedino što znam je da je prije jednu milisekundu bila izuzetno lijepa. Odgovorila je da zvuk putuje sporije od svjetlosti pa su joj moje riječi bile kao jučerašnje novine i nije bila sigurna da li još uvijek mislim da je lijepa.</p>



<p>Temporalnost je jedna od najvažnijih karakteristika svakog narativa. Temporalnost je, također, povezana sa logikom, kauzalnošću, i sekvencama. To jest, generalno uzimamo da su elementi u nizu uzročno povezani. U suprotnom postaje veoma teško čitati i razumjeti. Zbog toga, kada susretnemo nešto nekonvencionalno,obično se pitamo u čemu bi mogla biti poenta. Pitati se u čemu je smisao kur’anskog “huruf muqatta’at” meni se čini kao gledanje nekoliko nepovezanih atoma pitajući se zašto postoje ako nisu dijelovi nekog sistema.<span class="footnote_referrer"><span role="button" tabindex="0" onclick="footnote_moveToReference_2200_4('footnote_plugin_reference_2200_4_3');" onkeypress="footnote_moveToReference_2200_4('footnote_plugin_reference_2200_4_3');" ><sup id="footnote_plugin_tooltip_2200_4_3" class="footnote_plugin_tooltip_text">[3]</sup></span><span id="footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_2200_4_3" class="footnote_tooltip"></span></span></p>



<p>Čini se da je čitanje <em>Kur’ana</em> kao jedne cjeline uvijek predstavljalo poteškoću zapadnim čitaocima jer očekuju da će to biti jedna konvencionalna “knjiga.” Oni očekuju da sure budu poglavlja, a ajeti recimo kao stihovi. Očekuju da ima narativ koji počinje na početku i završava se na kraju ili, barem, da je moguće hronološki poredati stvari. Ali <em>Kur’an</em> ne dozvoljava ove konvencije. Doslovno je pun svih vrsta diskursa, od priča (ispričanih u fragmentima kroz više sura) do vjerskih propisa, teoloških izjava, kosmologije i još mnogo toga (Hamza Andreas Tzortzis, na primjer, daje lijep sažetak velikih varijacija u kur’anskoj poetici). Pa ipak, uprkos ovoj na prvi pogled interesantnoj raštrkanosti, vidimo da su njegove sure (koje nisu poglavlja) kompaktne jedinice, poput tvrđava različitih veličina. Osjećamo da postoji dobro zamišljena struktura ili, da upotrebimo manje krutu metaforu, organizacioni princip koji ih drži kompaktnim.</p>



<p>Prepoznavanje nekih principa doprinosi estetskom doživljaju djela. To je nešto što mi čitaoci i želimo: da vidimo sve kao s visine. Ova tačka gledišta, perspektiva trećeg lica, koju neki nazivaju Božijom perspektivom, je želja da se vidi više nego što nam dopušta naš ograničeni položaj u svijetu. To je kao i želja da se vidi kosmos izvana, mada smo zatvoreni unutra.</p>



<p><strong>Idemo makro</strong></p>



<p>Kada je u pitanju <em>Kur’an</em>, vrlo se malo uči o njegovom makro nivou. Kao takav, uprkos našem često instinktivnom osjećaju njegove kohezije, ne možemo pobjeći od činjenice da vrlo rijetko znamo kako ga čitati u cjelini. Čini se kao da je <em>Kur’an</em> univerzum koji možemo vidjeti izvana, a ipak nam ne dozvoljava da shvatimo njegove organizacione principe u cijelosti. Ipak, to nam ne smeta. To smeta onima koji očekuju da bude konvencionalan, da bude heliocentričan, da tako kažem. Ako očekujete heliocentrični svemir, a dobijete kvantni univerzum, onda dobro svežite pojaseve. Drugim riječima, ako želite da čitate suru po suru kao što mislite da biste trebali čitati knjigu poglavlje po poglavlje bit ćete razočarani. Čak i ako ga čitate kao antologiju, biće vam izazov jer ćete očekivati ​​da svaki dio bude slične dužine i da njime upravlja konvencionalni vremenski slijed, konvencionalna logika uzročnosti. Ne kažem da ne postoji uzročnost, razlog zašto jedan ajet slijedi drugi, zašto je jedna sura vrlo duga, a druga samo nekoliko riječi. Na kraju krajeva, svaki dio se naziva surom, jer je kompaktan, a sama riječ ima značenje <em>ograditi</em>, <em>zazidati</em> (Wehr, 441). Sura je tvrđava sa strukturom, vanjskim zidovima, jezgrom i fascinantnim životom koji buja u njemu.</p>



<p>Zamislimo da je <em>Kur’an</em> kao naš vidljivi univerzum, dakle ono što trenutno možemo “vidjeti” i “razumjeti.” Nismo sigurni gdje su tačno granice i kako funkcionišu. Na isti način <em>Kur’an</em>, koji je u suštini jedno usmeno djelo, zapravo nije oivičen koricama štampanog mushafa. Granice su čvrste i njegova struktura je čvrsta, kao što Bog to i obećava, ali granice nisu jednostavno definisane kao kruti zidovi. Ovo možda nije lahko prihvatiti ili razumjeti, jer imamo tendenciju da gledamo pojam fluidnosti i kretanja kao nestabilnost, uprkos tome što sam <em>Kur’an</em> navodi da sve plovi, da je sve u pokretu, čak i planine koje izgledaju nepokretne. <em>Kur’an</em> ne povezuje stabilnost, nebeski svod, snagu, strukturu itd. sa mehaničkom krutošću već sa fluidnošću. Ako kažemo da je srž svakog pojedinog atoma <em>Kur’ana</em> tevhid, Božija jednoća, možemo vidjeti kako sve ostalo pulsira iz tog jezgra i stvara talase u svim mogućim smjerovima. Ovo jezgro nije nešto što se nalazi u sredini i zrači napolje, već je ovo jezgro svuda u isto vrijeme. Upravo to tkivo drži sve zajedno i zato nemamo osjećaj ikakvog haosa.</p>



<p>Ako <em>Kur’an</em> vidimo kao svemir koji se širi, onda hajde da na trenutak vidimo sure kao galaksije. Neke su veće, a neke su minijaturne. Svaka galaksija ima svoj oblik, strukturu i svaka ima život. Ovo nas ne vodi na to da kažemo da je nešto čudno ili slučajno sa galaksijama kao što neko može reći da je nešto čudno ili slučajno u <em>Kur’anu</em>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Također možemo vidjeti da se neke galaksije grupišu na određene načine. Čak se sudaraju. Nije lahko shvatiti kompletnu strukturu svemira te kako i zašto se određene galaksije kreću i razvijaju, ali mi, gledajući 13,5 milijardi godina u prošlost, razumijemo kako su počele da se formiraju i eventualno, upoređujući ih sa onima bližim nama u vremenu, kuda se zapravo kreću.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="936" height="898" src="https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2.png" alt="" class="wp-image-2205" srcset="https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2.png 936w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2-300x288.png 300w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2-768x737.png 768w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2-250x240.png 250w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/2-788x756.png 788w" sizes="(max-width: 936px) 100vw, 936px" /></figure>



<p>Smisao raznih metafora koje koristim nije ništa drugo nego pokazati da možete pristupiti ovoj, i bilo kojoj drugoj “knjizi“ na bilo koji način koji će vam pomoći da se opustite i uđete u nju kao cjelinu, te da se možete kretati između mikro i makro perspektive, baš onako kako to i treba raditi kada se nešto analizira. Zbog toga, recimo, volim video simulacije u kojima se pokušava prikazati opseg kosmosa kretanjem izvana, od neke zamišljene slike cijelog univerzuma, a zatim uvećanjem do najsitnijih čestica. Znamo da su ovo modeli, a modeli su metafore, ali korisne metafore.</p>



<p>Kraće sure, te male fascinantne galaksije, koje uprkos svojim veličinama mogu sadržati toliko toga, obično je lakše sagledati u cijelini. Ako vam najduže sure izgledaju zastrašujuće velike, možete pogledati one koje imaju nekoliko stranica. Uzmimo za primjer suru “El-Kalem” (Pero), koja je duga nešto više od dvije stranice i počinje mističnim harfom ن (nun).</p>



<p>“El-Kalem” sadrži većinu tipičnih kur’anskih tema: šehadet, Božije jedinstvo, odnos koji ljudi trebaju imati s Bogom, institucija vjerovjesništva, moralna pitanja i odgovori, raj i pakao, pravda i nepravda, raspodjela dobra i, naravno, jedno vrlo kratko kazivanje (mikro kazivanje) koje samo po sebi sadrži i ilustruje sve teme koje sam upravo naveo. Ovo mikro kazivanje smješteno je u sredinu i govori o nekolicini oholih bogataša koji odbijaju podijeliti svoje bogatstvo (voćnjake) sa siromašnima. Dakle, strukturalno gledajući, moglo bi se reći da je kazivanje poput jezgra u sredini, a ostalo su slojevi koji ga okružuju. Ovi slojevi su u ovom slučaju prilično simetrični. Kao ona metafora o luku koji gulimo dok ne dođemo do srži. To znači da su prvi i posljednji ajeti iste vrste (tematski, retorički itd.). Sura počinje obraćanjem Poslaniku Muhammedu, a.s., (nije spomenut po imenu) vezano&nbsp; za njegovu misiju. Doslovno mu Bog govori da se ne brine, jer bez obzira na nevolje koje doživi bit će dobro te će biti izdignut na najviše stepenice bića. Sura završava uspoređivanjem sa Poslanikom Junusom, a.s., koji je očigledno imao isti problem. Tu vidimo da tekst povlači paralele između dva poslanika, ističući sličnosti i razlike, ali sa istom porukom: ustrajte i bit ćete izdignuti &#8211; dobit ćete podršku i oprost.</p>



<p>Sa oba kraja, sura koristi iste vrste ajeta (u smislu sadržaja, ali i retorike i estetike). Simetrija je općenito uvijek očaravajuća, a za neke poput Williama Blakea u poznatoj poemi “Tyger” može se koristiti i za ulivanje straha. Odstupanje od simetrije u “El-Kalem” postoji recimo u obliku tog prvog neobjašnjivog harfa kao i prvog ajeta koji jednostavno evocira pisanje: “Nun. Tako Mi kalema i onoga što oni pišu” (نٓ وَٱلْقَلَمِ وَمَا يَسْطُرُونَ). Kad pričamo o poetici, blago odstupanje od neke jasne strukture obično unosi dodatnu energiju u tekst.</p>



<p>Ako se fokusiramo na priču, zanimljivo je da su nepravedni muškarci (a skoro uvijek su muškarci ti koji su nepravedni) slični dvojici poslanika. Na koji način? Ako ostavimo po strani samu funkciju poslanstva, svi ljudi koji se spominju u suri ipak su samo ljudska bića, koja ili griješe ili su na ivici da pogriješe. To je zapravo naglašeno u kratkoj primjedbi Junusu, a.s., kojeg je lični prijestup doveo u vrlo opasnu situaciju, ali ga je tevba, dakle okretanje Bogu, na kraju uzvisilo. Ovdje, kao u cijelom <em>Kur’anu</em>, uvijek vidimo dosljednost principu vjera + djela. Greška bogataša je u tome što misle da su oni ti koji upravljaju svojim imanjem na ovom svijetu. Svoje bogatstvo pripisuju sebi, a ne kao nešto od Boga dato, pa su im zato voćnjaci uništeni. Neki od njih će se okrenuti, učiniti tevbu, a neki neće. Junus, a.s., je vjerovao u Boga, ali u samom činu bijega imao je malo povjerenja u Boga.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Ono što želim pokazati, osim sadržaja, jeste to da, iako smo u početku mogli vidjeti samo jedan mikro narativ u središtu sure, u stvari postoje dva još manja kazivanja/ scene, na početku (Muhamed) i na kraju (Junus). Drugim riječima, imamo najmanje tri mikro kazivanja u međusobnom razgovoru jednog s drugim, ali neki su tako mali da možemo propustiti činjenicu da su to ipak kazivanja sa svojom mikro strukturom, baš kao što neka kazivanja mogu biti toliko velika kao najveće galaksije i da time postaje izazov da vidimo njihove strukture. Najkraće sure kao što su “El-Kevser,” “El-Ihlas,” El-Felek,” i “En-Nas,” svaka sa svojim fokusom, imaju svoju srž, a to je monoteizam i ljudski odnos prema Bogu, ali svaka sadrži i implicirane priče, od kojih neke razumijemo tek iz poznavanja historijskog konteksta i tek kada to shvatimo, možemo vidjeti kako su određeni mikroelementi scena i kazivanja ipak tu.</p>



<p>Sura “El-Ihlas,” na primjer, koja se u svom teološkom obraćanju čini prilično apstraktnom, sadrži kontekst međuvjerskog dijaloga o prirodi Boga i Isa, a.s., (koji se podrazumijeva). Možemo se zapitati zašto je ovo posebna sura ako se isti pojmovi nalaze u mnogim drugim surama? Možemo nagađati. Poznati mufesiri su formirali svoje teorije, ali ja želim samo povući paralelu sa metaforom univerzuma. Zašto postoje milijarde solarnih sistema unutar milijardi galaksija? Zašto postoji beskonačna varijacija istih? Odgovor na ZAŠTO mi je manje zanimljiv, pogotovo kad vidim da neko ima smjelosti ponuditi neku teoriju koja objašnjava sve. Mislim da&nbsp; se trebamo obazrijeti&nbsp; na samu ljepotu onoga KAKO je sve to uređeno baš na način na koji se divimo slikama galaksija. Ljepota u tome KAKO meni je, kao piscu, sasvim dovoljna. Gotovo uvijek govorimo o različitim čitanjima sura tražeći ZAŠTO i rijetko o tome koliko je taj svemir lijep.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img decoding="async" width="800" height="974" src="https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3.png" alt="" class="wp-image-2206" srcset="https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3.png 800w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3-246x300.png 246w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3-768x935.png 768w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3-197x240.png 197w, https://islamedu.ba/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/3-647x788.png 647w" sizes="(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px" /></figure>



<p>Osim razmatranja pojedinačnih sura sa makro nivoa, ako se vratimo na nivo “knjige” i pokušamo razumjeti odnos između sura, možemo vidjeti kako one međusobno vode dijalog. U nekim slučajevima čini se kao da se sudaraju jedna s drugom ili se, možda, udaljavaju jureći u suprotnim smjerovima. Nije ni čudo što su neki smatrali, na primjer, sure “Ed-Duha” i “El-Inširah” jednom surom. Poslanik, a.s., ih je običavao recitirati zajedno i one se osjećaju, u mojoj metafori, ne kao dva komada zavarena jedan za drugi ili kao jedna cjelina, već kao sudar dva kosmička tijela.</p>



<p>Prilično mi se sviđa ideja da se galaksije grozdaju i sudaraju kao metafora da bih razumio neke sure. Iz Poslanikovog, a.s., govora znamo da se sure grupišu, ali ono što možda nećemo uzeti u obzir je da se one i sudaraju jedna s drugom. Ova kolizija bi se možda mogla vidjeti u načinu na koji su kazivanja o pojedinačnim povijesnim ličnostima poput Musaa, a.s., i Jusufa, a.s., razbijena i razbacana. To znači, ako ovaj <em>Kur’an </em>uči svog čitatelja kako da ga čita, on vam govori da kazivanja koja prepoznajemo kao konvencionalne pripovijesti (posebno ako ih znamo iz <em>Biblije</em>) nisu centralna. One su kao i svaka druga materija, zvijezde ili zvjezdana prašina, samo sastavni dio jedne drugačije vrste organizma. Raštrkanost priča, naprimjer, može nas navesti da shvatimo da ne možemo samo posmatrati način na koji su sure poredane u linearnom nizu, već ih, također, moramo smatrati grupisanim u nekoliko dimenzija, možda granajućim poput korijenja, ali s dodatnim oblicima veza i obilaznica.</p>



<p>Osim toga, samo ću spomenuti još nekoliko stvari. U suri “El-Kalem” možemo vidjeti prilično tipično pulsiranje ili igru ​​između kontrakcije i opuštanja. Lično smatram da su dijelovi u kojima se spominju stvari sa negativnim naponom, poput pakla i srdžbe, dijelovi koji uzrokuju kontrakcije, a reference na ljubav i milosrđe su otpuštanja, ali neko drugi bi to mogao vidjeti drugačije. U svakom slučaju, činjenica da tekst ima takav ritam otkucaja srca, koji se proteže kroz cijelu “knjigu,” prilično je zapanjujuća.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Ono što je takođe uključeno u ovu suru, uprkos kratkoći, jeste jedan tipičan retorički dijalog sa oholim muškarcima. Bog ne kaže: <em>Ušuti i dijeli što sam ti dao!</em> Umjesto toga, kao u mnogim primjerima kosmološkog argumenta, postoji poziv na razmišljanje, razmatranje, kontemplaciju. Ova strategija, zajedno sa jednostavnijim uputama, je nevjerovatna za percipirati u većini galaksija, hoću reći sura. Zapravo sam poprilično siguran da, ako bismo se fokusirali na mikro nivo najkraćih sura, pronašli bismo neke od ovih karakteristika. Možda bismo tamo pronašli neke nove galaksije.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Iz neke makro perspektive pokušali bismo vidjeti kako se ova vrsta retorike koristi u <em>Kur’anu</em> kao cjelini i kako pomaže strukturiranju njegovog tečnog svoda. Vidjeli bismo, možda, kako pulsiranje, igra kontrakcije i otpuštanja, doprinosi ovom svodu, i kako lijepi mikro i makro narativi doprinose njegovoj strukturi te kako taj neprekidni konac tevhida, na kraju krajeva, postoji u svakom pojedinom dijelu ove “knjige,” bez obzira koliko veliki ili mali bio. Da, čak i u jednom misterioznom slovu.</p>



<p>ن</p>



<p>Bibliografija:</p>



<ol class="wp-block-list"><li>Hamza Andreas Tzortzis. “The Qur’an’s Unique Literary Form.” https://www.hamzatzortzis.com/the-qurans-unique-literary-form/</li></ol>



<p>2. Hans Wehr. <em>Arabic-English Dictionary</em>. BN Publishing, 2020.</p>



<p>3. Yasin Dutton, <em>Original Islam: Malik and the Madhhab of Madina</em>. Routledge, 2006.</p>



<p>4. Al-Razi, <em>Mafatih al-Gayb</em>. Dar al-Fikr 1981.</p>



<p></p>



<p>Prijevod: Dr. Adnan Mahmutović</p>



<p>Uredila: Adna Kovačević</p>
<div class="speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container"> <div class="footnote_container_prepare"><p><span role="button" tabindex="0" class="footnote_reference_container_label pointer" onclick="footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2200_4();">&#x202F;</span><span role="button" tabindex="0" class="footnote_reference_container_collapse_button" style="display: none;" onclick="footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2200_4();">[<a id="footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2200_4">+</a>]</span></p></div> <div id="footnote_references_container_2200_4" style=""><table class="footnotes_table footnote-reference-container"><caption class="accessibility">References</caption> <tbody> 

<tr class="footnotes_plugin_reference_row"> <th scope="row" class="footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer"  onclick="footnote_moveToAnchor_2200_4('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2200_4_1');"><span id="footnote_plugin_reference_2200_4_1" class="footnote_backlink">1</span></th> <td class="footnote_plugin_text">Nisu svi harfovi reprezentirani, i neke kombinacije harfova se ponavljaju, npr <em>Elif Lam Mim</em> الم nalazimo šest puta, <em>Elif Lam Ra</em> الر pet puta, i <em>Ha Mim</em> حم šest puta. Ostale kombinacije su: <em>Elif Lam Mim Sad</em> المص, <em>Elif Lam Mim Ra</em> المر, <em>Kaf Ha Ja ʿAin Sad</em> كهيعص, <em>Ta Ha</em> طه, <em>Ta Sin Mim</em> طسم, <em>Ta Sin</em> طس, <em>Ya Sin</em> يس, <em>Ha Mim, ʿAin Sin Qaf</em> حم عسق, <em>sad</em> ص, <em>Qaf</em> ق and <em>Nun</em> ن.</td></tr>

<tr class="footnotes_plugin_reference_row"> <th scope="row" class="footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer"  onclick="footnote_moveToAnchor_2200_4('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2200_4_2');"><span id="footnote_plugin_reference_2200_4_2" class="footnote_backlink">2</span></th> <td class="footnote_plugin_text">Primjer ove dinamične interakcije između pisane i usmene tradicije može se uočiti u ranim kur'anskim rukopisima kada su u pitanju mistična slova, “huruf muqatta'at”. Na primjer, način na koji su neki rukopisi napisani, određena slova nemaju dijakritičke tačke. Iako ovo može uzrokovati neke manje probleme u čitanju riječi i ajeta, kada su u pitanju misteriozna slova, to bi donijelo jedan potpuno drugačiji problem. To znači da se početak sure Ya Sin (يس) potencijalno može pročitati na deset različitih načina, a ipak ne postoji zabilježeno čitanje da ga je neko izgovarao kao na primjer Ta Šin (تش) ili Ba Šin (بش). U isto vrijeme, pogledajte slovo Nun (ن) u suri 68:1. Nun često ima tačku u ranim rukopisima <em>Kurana</em>, iako to slovo nije lahko pobrkati s drugim. Dakle čini se da gotovo postoji neka vrsta koncenzusa koji daje slovu ن individualnu egzistenciju, dok ga u isto vrijeme održava kao dio kuranske kosmologija.</td></tr>

<tr class="footnotes_plugin_reference_row"> <th scope="row" class="footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer"  onclick="footnote_moveToAnchor_2200_4('footnote_plugin_tooltip_2200_4_3');"><span id="footnote_plugin_reference_2200_4_3" class="footnote_backlink">3</span></th> <td class="footnote_plugin_text">Moguće je da su “huruf muqatta’at” bili nešto konvencionalno u vrijeme objave, ali za nas danas to je nešto obavijeno velom tajne.</td></tr>

 </tbody> </table> </div></div><script type="text/javascript"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_2200_4() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2200_4').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2200_4').text('−'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_2200_4() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2200_4').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_2200_4').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_2200_4() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_2200_4').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_2200_4(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_2200_4(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_2200_4(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_2200_4(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_2200_4(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_2200_4(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }</script>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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